cc. 1815 - 1914
Industrializations and it’s Effects
Agricultural Revolution - amplified food production, which exponentially increased the population of Europe and their health.
Great Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile, iron, and steel production.
Industrialized capitalism emerged.
Why Great Britain was the first to industrialize:
Political:
-Strong navy
-Successful wars
-Gained colonies
-Constitutional monarchies
-Enclosure movement
Economic:
-Resources
-Increased food supply
-Overseas trade
-Cottage industry
-More investors/capital than most euro countries
Social:
-Restricted use of village common
-More movement to urban areas
-New transportation systems
Intellectual:
-Adam Smith: free trade and free market
-John Locke: natural rights and protection of private property
-More embracement of enlightenment ideals
Great Britain was the first to industrialize
Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations which prompted capitalism and a free market economy.
Investors investing in new tech and methods of production economy driven by supply and demand
Surplus of labor looking for work in urban areas due to:
Britain had an abundance of natural resources such as coal, iron, wood which were critical sources for power and building
Britain had access to water so the building of canals and railroads to ship goods was supported/invested in by the government. And was able to build many factories and ship great amounts of goods
Britain mechanized textile production with inventions of the flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame, power loom. Also started to export large quantities of textiles.
Gov/Economic Support:
Spread to rest of Europe:
Limitations:
A combination of factors including geography, lack of resources, the dominance of traditional landed elites, the persistence of serfdom in some areas, and inadequate government sponsorship accounted for eastern and southern Europe’s lag in industrial development.
Guild restrictions still applied in some areas. Better selling conditions, people didn’t want to give it up
Russia:
Serfdom still existed, so serfs were bound to the land and performed labor services. There was no movement to urban areas and landlords didn’t have incentives to invest in new technology because they had serfs to work their land. Still had primitive agricultural practices
Prussia had huge amounts of coal and iron which promoted industrial development
Western Europe:
Eastern Europe:
Industrialization led to economic and social change through more integrated economies, urbanization, globalization, improved distribution of goods, increased consumerism, and enhanced quality of life.
New efficient methods of transportation and other innovations created new industries, improving the distribution of goods, increasing consumerism, and enhancing the quality of life.
Political movements and social organizations responded to problems of industrialization
Because of wars and the increasing amount of money demanded by consumers to buy manufactured goods, money became scarce
Rapid industrialization of Prussia:
Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be extended to women.
Socialists called for the redistribution of society’s resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism.
Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces. The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by such forces as public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organizations. Reformers promoted compulsory public education to advance the goals of public order, nationalism, and economic growth.
Political movements and social organizations responded to problems of industrialization:
In Western and Northern Europe, industrialization led to the development of self-conscious classes because of the very clear division of labor between who did what kind of work
Over time, the Industrial Revolution altered the family structure and relations for bourgeois and working-class families.
By the end of the century, higher wages, laws restricting the labor of children and women, social welfare programs, improved diet, and increased access to birth control affected the quality of life for the working class.
Maintaining political order:
Concert of Europe - developed by Metternich, sought to maintain the status quo through collective action and adherence to conservatism.
Rise of Conservatism:
Klemens Von Metternich thought only powerful central governments could bring order to Europe
Edmund Burke argued authority and hierarchy were part of the natural order of the universe, and that people weren't capable of governing themselves so society should be ordered under a small group of elites
Joseph de Maistre thought true political authority must be rooted in religious and moral principles. Argued for return to monarchy
Challenges to political order:
Revolutionaries of the first half of the 19th century attempted to destroy the status quo
The revolutions of 1848 were triggered by economic hardship and discontent with the political status quo, they challenged conservative politicians and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe
Revolutions of 1848 began in France:
Inspired by the 1848 uprising in France, revolutionaries in Prussia and other German states began to demand more liberal reforms as well, but the main focus was the unification of German states.
Austria experienced a rebellion in 1848 due to a struggle to maintain control of its multi-ethnic empire, which included Hungarians, Poles, Czechs, and Serbs, who all wanted to rule themselves fueled by nationalism
After the Crimean war, Alexander II in Russia enacted his liberal Great Reforms which:
Russians wanted a more liberal government which led them to the Revolution of 1905, resulting in the October Manifesto which granted:
Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest, but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance
Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership. Some argued that such rights should be extended to women
Liberalism:
Republicanism:
Liberals in Europe in the mid- 19th century sought more equal rights for middle class men, and often framed their arguments in the Enlightenment ideals of universal equality
Republicans sought governmental systems that were more representative and responsive to the general public
Radical Approaches to Ideological Change:
Mass-based political parties emerged as sophisticated vehicles for social, economic, and political reform
Workers established labor unions and movements promoting social and economic reforms that also developed into political parties
Feminists pressed for legal, economic, and political rights for women as well as improved working conditions
Various non governmental reform movements, many of them religious, assisted the poor and worked to end serfdom and slavery
Liberal ideas shifted social policies in response to the challenges of industrialization
Challenges of industrialization:
Reforms transformed unhealthy and overcrowded cities by modernizing infrastructure, regulating public health, reforming prisons, and establishing modern police forces. The reforms were enacted by governments motivated by public opinion, prominent individuals, and charity organizations
The industrial revolution spread from Britain to the rest of Europe, where the state played a greater role in promoting industry
Britain established its industrial dominance thought he mechanization of textile production iron and steel production, and new transportation systems in conjunction with uniquely favorable political and social climates
Following Britain, industrialization took root in continental Europe, sometimes with state sponsorship
The experiences of everyday life were shaped by industrialization, depending on the level of industrial development in a particular location
Political revolutions and the complications resulting from industrialization triggered a range of ideological, governmental, and collective responses
AP Euro Final Project - Tovi Lieberman
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